ABSTRACT. This study evaluated an alternative heating-stirring system in the determination of in vitro ruminal digestibility of dry matter (IVRDMD) of forages using the Tilley and Terry (TT) method. For this purpose, the IVRDMD of three forage species (Marandu, Tifton 85, and Mombasa) was determined by incubating 500 mg of each dried and ground (1 mm) forage in 50-mL rumen inoculum during 48h, followed by quantification of the incubation residue. Two heating-stirring systems were used: i) heating in a water bath at 39°C with manual stirring every two hours (i.e., traditional system); and ii) heating in an oven with controlled temperature at 39°C and automatic agitation (44 rpm; alternative system); there was no effect of the interaction between the heating-stirring system and the type of forage (p = 0.829) on the IVRDMD of forages. The type of heating-stirring system (p = 0.422) did not affect the IVRDMD of forages. Nevertheless, the IVRDMD values of Marandu grass (system i = 598.7 g kg-1 vs system ii = 599.4 g kg-1) were greater (p < 0.001) than Tifton 85 (system i = 392.1 vs g kg-1 vs system ii = 370.7 g kg-1) and Mombasa (system i = 397.4 g kg-1; system ii = 369.7 g kg-1) grasses. In conclusion, the obtained data indicate that the alternative heating-stirring system produces similar results to those obtained using the traditionally heating-stirring system during the determination of the IVRDMD of forages.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different nitrogenous compounds on the activities of carboxymethil cellulase (CMCase) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). In the first experiment, four treatments were evaluated in vitro: cellulose, cellulose with casein, cellulose with urea, and cellulose with casamino acids. After 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation, CMCase and GDH activity, pH, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (AN) and microbial protein were measured. In the three incubation periods, the concentration of AN was higher when urea was used as a supplemental source of nitrogen. The activity of CMCase was higher with the addition of urea and casamino acids when compared with the control and the casein treatment. Supplementation with casamino acids provided higher GDH activity when compared with the control at 6 hours of incubation. At 12 hours of incubation, the GHD activity was also stimulated by casein. At 24 hours, there was no difference in GHD activity among treatments. In the second experiment, three rumen-fistulated bulls were used for in situ evaluation. Animals were fed Tifton hay (Cynodon sp.) ad libitum. The treatments consisted of control (no supplementation), supplementation with non-protein nitrogenous compounds (urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) and supplementation with protein (albumin). In treatments with nitrogenous compound supplementation, 1 g of crude protein/kg of body weight was supplied. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The measurements were performed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after supplementation. No difference in GDH activity was observed among treatments. The control treatment showed higher CMCase activity when compared with the treatments containing supplemental sources of nitrogen. However, urea supplementation provided higher CMCase activity compared to albumin.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in situ degradation profiles of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of different forages using nylon (50 µm), F57 (Ankom®) and non-woven textile (NWT - 100 g/m²) bags. Eight forage samples were used: sugarcane, corn silage, elephant grass cut at 50 and 250 days of regrowth, corn straw, signal grass hay, coast cross hay, and fresh alfalfa. Samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, and 312 hours. Two bags of each textile were used at each incubation time, totaling 768 bags, using two crossbred Holstein × Zebu steers fitted with ruminal canullae. There was difference in the common rate of lag and degradation (λ) of DM for all forages, except for sugarcane. In general, higher λ estimates were obtained using nylon, followed by NWT and F57. Concerning NDF degradation profiles, differences in λ were observed for all forages. Greater estimates were obtained using nylon. Degradation profiles of DM and NDF must not be evaluated using F57 and NWT. These textiles underestimate the degradation rate due to constraints regarding exchange between bags' content and rumen environment.

Foram realizados dois experimentos objetivando-se avaliar a influência do tamanho das partículas sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) utilizando-se sacos de náilon, F57 (Ankom®) e tecido-não-tecido (TNT 100 g/m²). No primeiro experimento, com o intuito de aferir os teores de FDN obtidos com cada um dos tecidos, utilizou-se papel-filtro quantitativo (celulose purificada) como padrão analítico. O material foi processado em 1 e 2 mm e acondicionado nos sacos seguindo-se a relação de 20 mg de matéria seca/cm² de superfície. Utilizou-se aparelho analisador de fibras (Ankom220), empregando-se a-amilase termoestável. Não foram verificados efeitos do tamanho de partículas. Contudo, perdas de partículas significativas foram verificadas com o uso do náilon. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas amostras de forragem (feno de capim-braquiária, cana-de-açúcar, feno de coastcross, palha de milho, silagem de milho e capim-elefante cortado aos 50 dias e 250 dias de rebrotação), alimentos concentrados (sorgo grão, glúten de milho, polpa cítrica, farelo de algodão, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho grão, soja grão e casca de soja) e fezes bovinas oriundas de animais alimentados com dietas contendo 15 e 50% de concentrado. As amostras foram preparadas, acondicionadas e analisadas como descrito no experimento anterior. Os menores teores de FDN foram encontrados com o uso de sacos de náilon, o que indica perda de partículas pela porosidade do saco. Recomenda-se a moagem de amostras em peneiras de porosidade 1 mm, o que propicia a extração eficiente do conteúdo celular pela ação do detergente neutro e maior superfície específica para ação da a-amilase termoestável. O uso de partículas processadas a 2 mm conduz à superestimação dos teores de FDN.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of particles sizes on contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by using nylon bags F57 (Ankom®) and non-woven textile (NWT 100 g/m²). In the first experiment, to check contents of NDF obtained with each one of the textilles, quantitative filter paper (purified cellulose) was used as analytical standard. The material was processed in a 1 or 2 mm and put in the bags in a ratio of 20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface. The analyses were performed in a fiber analyser (Ankom220) and using a heat-stable a-amylase. No effects of particles sizes were found. In the second experiment, it was used samples of forage (signal grass hay, sugar cane, coastcross hay, corn straw, corn silage, and elephant grass at 50 and 250 days of growing after cutting), concentrate feeds (sorghum grain, gluten meal, citrus pulp, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, wheat bran, corn grain, whole soybean, and soybean hulls), and feces of cattle of animals fed diets containing 15 or 50% of concentrate. The samples were prepared, put in bags, and analyzed as described in the previous experiment. In both experiments, the smallest contents of NDF were found by using nylon bags, indicating loss of particles through the bag porosity. It is suggested grind of samples by using 1-mm screen sieve, which provides efficient extraction of cell content by the action of neutral detergent and a greater specific surface by the action of the heat-stable a-amylase enzyme. The use of particles ground at 2-mm overestimates NDF contents.